Atrushi: The oil and gas law must be passed as soon as possible
The second deputy speaker of the Iraqi parliament, Farhad Atrushi, indicated that so far more than 40 people have nominated themselves for the position of president of the republic, but the two parties, the Democratic Party and the Patriotic Union, do not have a candidate. He stressed that in order to solve the financial problems and implement federalism, the oil and gas law must be passed as soon as possible. At the same time, regarding the parliamentary committees, he said: The committees are formed temporarily.
On Sunday, January 4, 2026, during his participation in the "Today's Talk" program on Kurdistan24, Atroushi said: In Iraq, the parliament is the center of the political process and the center for making important decisions, so maintaining the position of Deputy Speaker of Parliament for the Kurds is very important.
He added: “Today the new parliament held its first session, during which I submitted a proposal that the parliament’s presidency should have special legislative authority for the next four years, in order to have clarity in the implementation of laws and the identification of important laws. They also welcomed the proposal.” He also said: “In the next session, we will decide on the general outlines of the parliament’s policy and form a special committee.”
He continued: “The oil and gas law must be issued in order to implement fiscal federalism, because a large part of Iraq’s revenues are provided through oil and gas, and without implementing the law and the constitution, no problem will ever be solved, and the constitution must be the arbiter.”
He added, "So far, more than 40 people have nominated themselves for the presidency, and we expect that number to increase tomorrow, but neither of the two main parties has yet put forward a candidate for the position." He also stressed that the Kurds must be united on the issue of the presidency and have a single position.
He went on to say: "Tomorrow we will form a committee to lay some foundations and monitor the distribution of parliamentary committees," and said: The distribution of parliamentary committees should be temporary only to carry out the work of parliament until the new government is formed. link
🇮🇶 Iraq Budget Reform: Can Iraq Remove Oil From the Budget?
A Bold Reform Path or a Calculated Step Toward Monetary Independence?
😊 A Bold Question Worth Asking
A recent Iraqi article sparked a powerful debate with its striking title:
“Calls to Remove Oil from the Budget: A Bold Reform Path or a Gamble That Could Undermine Iraq’s Financial Stability?”
This is not just a headline — it’s a direct challenge to decades of economic dependence.
The article reminds us that the constitutional phrase “oil belongs to the people” has slowly transformed from a foundation of economic justice into a slogan invoked only during crises, without ever being fully reflected in Iraq’s economic structure.
As 2026–2028 budget discussions approach, the question resurfaces with urgency:
Can Iraq really build a national budget without oil revenues?
🛢️ Iraq’s Oil Dependency: Strength or Structural Risk?
For decades, Iraq’s economy has relied almost entirely on oil revenues. While oil has funded reconstruction and salaries, it has also created:
Budget volatility
Political leverage vulnerabilities
Exposure to global price swings
Delayed diversification
Oil has been both a lifeline and a liability.
🔄 Can Iraq Remove Oil from the Budget?
The honest answer: Yes — if they truly choose to.
Iraq already possesses:
Massive natural resources
Strategic trade positioning
A growing banking and digital finance framework
Untapped taxation and customs potential
Non-oil sectors ready for activation
What’s required is unity, discipline, and execution.
💰 Sovereign Wealth Funds: The Missing Link
One of the most powerful ideas raised is this:
What if excess oil revenues were placed into sovereign wealth funds instead of the annual budget?
Countries like Norway and the UAE have proven that:
Oil can fund future generations
Budgets can operate independently
Currency stability increases
Such funds could grow beyond imagination — but here’s the key insight for investors:
➡️ Iraq does NOT need this full wealth structure to reinstate the dinar.
💱 Currency Reform Is Part of the Plan
According to ongoing CBI discussions shared by MNT GOAT:
Reinstating the IQD to online and international trading
Reducing oil dependency in budget funding
Expanding non-oil revenue streams
These are interconnected steps, not separate ideas.
Removing oil from the budget is not possible without currency normalization — and vice versa.
🧠 Two Ways to Think: Half-Full or Half-Empty
This moment requires perspective.
Ask yourself:
Where was Iraq four years ago?
What progress has already occurred?
Has Iraq been moving forward — or backward?
Despite regional pressures and Iran’s influence, Iraq continues to advance.
Yes, there may be a short-term adjustment following the November elections, and yes, the effects may be felt briefly — but history shows Iraq fixes what is broken when pressure peaks.
⏳ Short-Term Noise vs Long-Term Direction
Temporary disruptions do not define outcomes.
The big picture shows:
Structural reform
Monetary realignment
Reduced dependency
Increased sovereignty
The RV is not canceled by noise — it is often preceded by it.
⭐ Featured Snippet
Removing oil from Iraq’s national budget is possible through diversification, sovereign wealth funds, and currency reform, allowing oil revenues to fund future stability rather than daily expenses.
❓ Q&A: Iraq Budget & Oil Reform
Q: Can Iraq really fund a budget without oil?
A: Yes, through diversification, taxation reform, trade, and monetary normalization.
Q: Why would Iraq remove oil from the budget?
A: To reduce volatility, strengthen sovereignty, and stabilize long-term planning.
Q: How does this relate to the Iraqi dinar?
A: Currency reinstatement is a key pillar in reducing oil dependency.
Q: Will elections delay reform?
A: Possibly short-term, but long-term direction remains forward.
🙏 A Closing Thought & 2026 Prayer
There is a prayer worth carrying into 2026:
To be healthy, wealthy, and wise. Wise enough to recognize evil when it appears. Wealthy enough to help those in need. Healthy enough to enjoy family and the abundance God provides.
This journey is about more than money — it’s about stability, dignity, and future generations.
There is yet another article that I thought was an amazing bold move of a thought process. Its title is “CALLS TO REMOVE OIL FROM THE BUDGET: A BOLD REFORM PATH OR A GAMBLE THAT COULD UNDERMINE IRAQ’S FINANCIAL STABILITY?” I quote from the article The phrase“oil belongs to the people”has been transformed from a constitutional text that is supposed to establish economic justice and sustainable development, into a slogan that is invoked during crises without actually being reflected in the structure of the Iraqi economy.
So, after decades of almost complete dependence on oil revenues, questions are mounting about the viability of a model budget void of oil revenues.” Can it actually be done?
As the 2026-2028 upcoming budget discussions approach, the debate resurfaces regarding the meaning of public ownership of oil, the limits of its use, and the possibility of moving towards a diversified economy that reduces dependence on a single resource of revenue that has proven to be as much a source of danger as a source of funding.
Can Iraq really remove oil revenues totally as a source of revenue to fund the budget? I will try to answer this question. Iraq with all its current resources can do this if they really, really wanted it, really came together and worked together, all in the same direction. Can you imagine the wealth of these excess oil revenues being placed in Sovereign Funds that could grow beyond our imagination. But we as investors do not need this level of wealth to get the dinar reinstated. In fact, to get the IQD back to online trading is part of the recipe of removing oil from the budget. It is all in the plan, so I am told by my CBI contact.
So, I need everyone to remember the two ways you can think. We can have our minds positive (half-full) or negative (thinking on the side of half-empty). Remember what Iraq as like just four years ago and this should give you a really good understanding that they are going to move ahead and not backwards, regardless of Iran. Yes, there may be a short, temporary ‘adjustment’ due to these crooked elections just held in November and it may be felt, but we must look at the big picture and know that all of this will be fixed somehow and I am sure of it. The RV will happen and we will be going to the bank shortly.
There is a prayer I pray each day. Let it be our 2026 prayer too to be Healthy, Wealthy and Wise. Being wise enough to know evil when you see it, wealthy enough to give to those in need, and of course healthy enough so you can enjoy our families from the abundance God gives us.
THE GLOBAL SMART CARD COMPANY ANNOUNCES THE LAUNCH OF A NEW INITIATIVE
The global smart card company (K) announced the launch of a new initiative aimed at supporting merchants and stimulating business growth, starting from January 1, 2026, where a commission rate of (0%) will be applied to the merchant for all electronic payment transactions.
The company stated in a statement received by Mail that “the initiative includes all payments made through point-of-sale (POS) devices and the SuperKey application, without any deductions or hidden commissions, ensuring that the merchant retains the full profits of each sale transaction. “
She added that “this step comes within its strategy to promote financial inclusion, encourage the shift towards electronic payment, and provide a more transparent and profitable business environment for merchants in various sectors. “
The statement continued, “The company announced that it will provide payment devices free of charge to merchants wishing to join the Key system, with the possibility of easily registering via the SuperKey application.” She emphasized that “2026 will be a year of real growth and clearer profits for traders, in a partnership based on trust and continued support.”
🇮🇶 Iraqi Dinar Update: We Are on the Edge of Life-Changing Events
Why the Current Warnings May Signal Acceleration — Not Collapse
By Ariel (@Prolotario1)
🔥 I Love Where We Are Right Now
The atmosphere surrounding the Iraqi dinar has shifted dramatically — and not quietly.
Recent statements from Adil Alkuzay, Director of the Iraqi Observatory for Rights and Freedoms, urging citizens to rapidly convert dinar savings into U.S. dollars or gold, have sent shockwaves across economic forums and social media. His projection of a potential move toward 170,000 IQD per $100, and even 200,000 IQD, has been interpreted by many as a sign of looming disaster.
But history — and pattern recognition — suggest something very different.
⚠️ Understanding the Alkuzay Warning: Panic or Precursor?
Let’s be clear:
❌ This is not an official Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) statement
✅ It is a grassroots alarm reflecting fear of uncontrolled devaluation, sanctions, or delayed reform
Alkuzay’s comments appear rooted in:
Anxiety over parallel market pressure
Concerns about Iranian proxy influence
Fear of delays in Iraq’s long-telegraphed monetary pivot
Yet similar warnings have surfaced many times in history, often right before major upward currency events or stabilizations.
📉 Current Market Signals Inside Iraq
Since late December 2025
, whispers across Baghdad cafés and financial circles have intensified:
Black-market rates approaching 1,450 IQD/USD
Increased dollar demand
Public confusion fueled by social media speculation
This environment creates behavioral pressure, often intentional or opportunistic, to flush currency into the banking system.
🧠 Historical Precedents: When Panic Came First
🇰🇼 Kuwait (1990–1991)
After the Iraqi invasion:
Rumors claimed the Kuwaiti dinar was worthless
Citizens were urged to sell for pennies
March 1991: Kuwait revalued and issued new notes ➡️ Panic sellers lost. Holders were restored to parity.
🇹🇷 Turkey (2005 Six-Zero Lop)
2004 economists urged dollar conversions
Inflation fears dominated headlines
2005 redenomination stabilized the lira ➡️ Late movers lost on fees; holders benefited from reform.
🇿🇼 Zimbabwe (2006–2009)
Constant warnings to flee to gold or dollars
Multiple redenominations followed ➡️ Not collapse, but currency restructuring to reset systems.
🇻🇪 Venezuela (2018 & 2021)
“Float to zero” narratives dominated
Dollar flight surged
Governments recaptured liquidity before stabilization
🔁 The Pattern That Keeps Repeating
Across emerging markets, a familiar cycle appears:
Alarmist messaging
Public panic and currency dumping
Liquidity recaptured by banks
Policy launch or reform
Patient holders rewarded
These warnings often create compliance, not collapse.
Alkuzay’s statement fits this mold — adding urgency, not ending hope.
🏦 Why This Matters for the Iraqi Dinar
If large volumes of dinar are:
Returned to banks
Digitally traced
Removed from hoards
➡️ The CBI gains greater control, stronger reserves, and faster readiness for a policy shift — whether a managed float, redenomination, or rate adjustment.
🌍 Why Timing Feels Compressed Now
Global factors accelerating Iraq’s timeline:
Regional realignments
Weakening Iranian leverage
IMF pressure for transparency
Digital banking rollout
Trade settlement reforms
This is not 2015. This is convergence.
⭐ Featured Snippet
Currency panic warnings often appear right before major monetary reforms, not collapses. In Iraq’s case, recent alarmist statements may be accelerating liquidity control ahead of a long-anticipated dinar adjustment.
❓ Q&A: Iraqi Dinar Update
Q: Is Iraq about to devalue massively?
A: There is no official CBI confirmation. Historical patterns suggest warnings often precede reform, not free-fall.
Q: Why would officials want people to convert dinars?
A: To move currency into traceable systems and strengthen reserve control.
Q: Has this happened before in other countries?
A: Yes — Kuwait, Turkey, Zimbabwe, and Venezuela all saw panic narratives before resets.
Q: Does this mean a revaluation is guaranteed?
A: Nothing is guaranteed, but the signals align with pre-event behavior, not abandonment.
🧭 Final Thoughts
This moment feels loud, uncomfortable, and emotionally charged — exactly how many historic turning points begin.
The noise is rising because movement is near.
I love where we are right now.
Stay grounded. Stay informed. Watch policy — not panic.
Iraqi Dinar Update: We Are On The Edge Of Life Changing Events
I Love Where We Are Right Now
The statement from the Director of the Iraqi Observatory for Rights and Freedoms Adil Alkuzay urging rapid conversion of dinar savings to dollars or gold ahead of a potential “float” or sanctions, projecting devaluation to 170,000 IQD per $100 and then 200,000 carries the weight of a calculated warning, rooted in fears of uncontrolled devaluation rather than the planned redenomination, but it underscores the urgency swirling around Iraq’s monetary pivot.
This isn’t the official CBI line; it’s a rights group’s alarm bell, reflecting grassroots anxiety over parallel market pressures and Iranian proxy influences that could exploit any delay pierced economic forums show similar whispers in Baghdad cafes since late December 2025, with black-market rates already edging toward 1,450 IQD/USD amid speculation.
Historical precedents abound where similar “dump the currency” warnings surfaced right before major upward shifts or stabilizations, often misinterpreted as collapse signals but actually preceding government interventions that rewarded holders.
In Kuwait’s 1990-1991 post-invasion period, black-market rumors of total dinar worthlessness (with calls to swap for dollars at pennies) peaked in early 1991, just months before the March 1991 revaluation and new note issuance that restored parity and punished panic sellers parallel to Iraq’s setup, where warnings flush hoarded dinars into banks for traceability.
Turkey’s 2005 six-zero lop saw 2004 warnings from economists urging dollar conversions amid inflation fears, yet the redenomination stabilized the lira and boosted confidence, with late exiters losing on exchange fees while holders benefited from simplified transactions.
Zimbabwe’s multiple redenominations (2006-2009) featured pre-event panics urging gold/dollar swaps, but each lop aimed to curb hyperinflation without full collapse holders who stayed positioned for post-reform growth, a nuance lost on panic narratives.
Venezuela’s own 2018 and 2021 zero-lops had similar pre-warnings of “float to zero,” driving dollar flights that governments used to recapture liquidity before stabilizations Maduro’s fall now reverses this for Iraq’s allies, compressing timelines.
These patterns repeat in emerging markets: alarmism peaks to create behavioral compliance, rewarding patient holders with the “new” rate’s advantages while punishing speculators Alkuzay’s post fits this mold, adding fuel to acceleration as public conversions bolster CBI reserves for an earlier launch.
TRUMP’S FORTUNE TELLER PROMISES IRAQIS “DAYS THEY HAVE NEVER SEEN BEFORE,” AND THE FACTIONS RESPOND FROM PARLIAMENT: “WELCOME TO DEATH!”
As the Iraqi parliament held its first session, electing a deputy speaker affiliated with the factions, Washington was simultaneously outlining an unprecedented punitive strategy. Former Trump advisor Gabriel Souma, described as an “expert on the inner workings of the White House and Trump’s policies,” went so far as to warn of a potential moment when Iraqis might find themselves buying the equivalent of one dollar for “five bags” of Iraqi dinars. Between this catastrophic scenario and a parliament where a member of Kataib Hezbollah declared his “loyalty to the Popular Mobilization Forces” and vowed to pass the PMF law despite Washington’s opposition, Iraq appears to be heading toward a difficult test: an economy beholden to the dollar and a legislative body openly defying American demands.
Gabriel Souma: The prophecy of sanctions and the potential “night of collapse”
Gabriel Souma is not merely a political commentator; he has long been presented as a professor of international law and an expert on Middle Eastern affairs. He served on President Donald Trump’s advisory team during the previous term and participated in sensitive discussions concerning the legality of US strikes in Iraq and Iran, as well as Washington’s financial and punitive policies in the region. When he speaks today in such definitive terms about “unprecedented measures” that Iraq will face if Mark Savaya fails to implement Trump’s demands in Baghdad, he is reflecting the prevailing mood within the president’s inner circle more than offering a cold, academic analysis.
When Souma says that Savaya “represents Trump 100%, and 99% is unacceptable,” he is outlining the limits of his mandate: a special envoy with no room to maneuver outside the rigid script, at a time when the White House is brandishing options ranging from strangling dollar channels through the Federal Reserve, to broader restrictions on the banking and energy sectors, culminating in a near-siege if Baghdad decides to fully align itself with the factions. This posturing is consistent with the general trajectory of Trump’s current strategy toward Iraq and Iran, which relies on escalating sanctions and financial pressure rather than large-scale military engagement, while using the threat of cutting aid and reconsidering oil waivers as a continuous bargaining chip.
In this context, the image of “Iraqis buying one dollar for five bags of Iraqi currency” is not so much a literal economic prediction as it is a crude metaphor for the possibility of an exchange rate spiral out of control and a collapse in purchasing power, if Washington decides to use its entire arsenal of financial pressure all at once against a country that depends almost entirely on the dollar to finance its trade and banking system.
Mark Savaya: Envoy of the tough deal between the White House and Baghdad
Mark Savaya himself is not a traditional diplomat. An Iraqi-American businessman of Chaldean descent, he rose from the retail and medical cannabis industries in Michigan to become Trump’s special envoy to Iraq in October 2015, a move widely interpreted as a shift by the president toward “deal-making diplomacy” rather than classical diplomatic hierarchy. His writings and public pronouncements reveal a clear inclination to use economic and financial tools to reshape the relationship with Baghdad: encouraging investment and infrastructure development on the one hand, and linking any concessions or exemptions to Iraq’s commitment to curbing the influence of Iran and its armed factions on the other.
From this perspective, Savaya becomes a dangerous link: if he succeeds in persuading Iraqi political forces—especially the Shia ones—to accept a “settlement” that subjects the factions to state authority and freezes any move to legally enshrine them as a parallel power, the specter of maximum sanctions may recede. However, if he fails, as Souma warns, the very mandate he carries from Trump could easily be transformed into an indictment against Baghdad before the American sanctions machine.
A parliament with a declared populist bias… when the logic of defiance prevails
In contrast, the factional forces are acting as if they are seizing a moment of power within the new parliament. The election of a first deputy speaker from one of the Shiite armed groups, classified by the US as an “Iranian-backed group,” has raised clear concerns in Western analyses, which saw this move as a message that the Baghdad legislature is leaning more towards the Popular Mobilization Forces camp, at a time when US pressure is mounting on the issue of the Popular Mobilization Forces and its laws.
At the heart of this mood comes the statement by MP Hussein Mounes, leader of the “Rights” movement, which is close to Kataib Hezbollah, who frankly declared that “Parliament is biased towards the Popular Mobilization Forces” (PMF), and that the PMF law will be passed this time despite American reservations. This is a reference to the law that Washington sought to obstruct in the previous parliamentary session through direct pressure on the Prime Minister and the leaders of influential Shiite blocs. Hussein Mounes himself is not an ordinary name;
he has been presented for years as the political face of Kataib Hezbollah and a contender within the Shiite political establishment for the representation of a “resistance” that sees its full institutional integration within the state as a guarantee for the continuation of its armed-political project.
The most vehement pronouncements come from within other alliances close to the factions, where Badr Organization MP Abu Turab al-Tamimi declares, “We are not concerned with pressure. We are 90 MPs, and we don’t care about America or what it wants. If it threatens us with death, then so be it.” This rhetoric, with its defiant tone, expresses a firm conviction among a segment of the political class that any retreat on the issue of the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) would constitute a strategic concession to both Washington and Tehran, weakening these forces’ ability to assert their share in both the state and the economy.
The crowd control law: between Marco Rubio’s message and the new “pass promise”
The clash over the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) law is not new, but its current level is different. When the draft “Law on Service and Retirement for the Mujahideen of the Popular Mobilization Forces” was introduced in 2025, along with subsequent proposals to regulate the PMF, the issue became one of the most sensitive between Baghdad and Washington. Leaked US messages and phone calls revealed direct warnings from Secretary of State and National Security Advisor Marco Rubio to Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani, stating that passing the law would be interpreted in Washington as “formally enshrining the influence of Iran and its factions” within the state structure, with the threat of sanctions targeting the energy and security sectors and potentially a review of military and financial aid.
Under this pressure, and with internal division even within the Shiite bloc regarding the timing and form of the law, the government withdrew the draft from the parliament’s agenda at the end of the summer of 2025, after weeks of postponed sessions and sharp disagreements, in a scene that looked like at least a tactical American victory, and a postponement of the final clash rather than a real settlement.
Today, when a member of parliament close to Kataib Hezbollah declares that parliament, given its current leanings, “will pass the Popular Mobilization Forces (PMF) law,” he is effectively pledging to reopen the same issue, but from a position of numerical strength within parliament and with political momentum stemming from the election of a new president and a shift in the balance of power within Shia alliances. This pledge is not interpreted in Washington as a technical legal dispute, but rather as a direct test of the seriousness of Trump and his team’s threats, just as it leaves his envoy, Savaya, a narrow margin for negotiation before these “pressure tactics” become a reality.
The potential dollar war: from the weapon of sanctions to the nightmare of the street
What Soma is threatening in terms of “unprecedented measures” does not come out of thin air. Over the past few months, Washington has sent more than one indication of its readiness to use the economic weapon gradually and extensively against Iraq: issuing warnings about mixing Iranian funds with the Iraqi financial cycle, talking about a series of escalating sanctions on factions, figures and banks under the umbrella of a new presidential memorandum, and threatening to restrict Iraq’s access to the dollar if it continues to harbor groups that Washington classifies as “terrorist organizations” or “arms of the Revolutionary Guard”.
In a worst-case scenario, one can imagine a package of measures beginning with tightening restrictions on the currency auction and correspondent banking transfers, moving through the inclusion of new Iraqi banks on sanctions lists, and culminating in reducing exemptions for importing gas and electricity from Iran, and perhaps even reopening the file on “partial sanctions” on specific sectors—a modified version of the 1990s experience, but with more precise and less publicized financial tools. In such a scenario, the image of “five bags of Iraqi dinars for one dollar” becomes an exaggerated expression of a possible reality: a sharp collapse in the value of the dinar, inflation that devours salaries, and a middle class that vanishes within a few months.
Conversely, the Popular Mobilization Forces and their allies are betting that Washington cannot go so far as to impose a complete blockade, because Iraq remains essential to global energy markets and regional stability, and any total collapse would create a vacuum that would be exploited by powers rivaling the United States, from Iran to China and Russia. However, this bet, while containing a degree of geopolitical realism, overlooks the fact that what the Trump administration is currently threatening are sanctions “broad enough to discipline Baghdad, without reaching the point of its complete collapse”—a level that alone would be sufficient to cause an unprecedented social and economic shock in a country that has barely emerged from the currency crises of recent years.
From the slogan “Welcome to death” to the question: Who pays the price?
In the end, the scene as it appears today looks like a race towards the brink. A Trump advisor is waving before the Iraqis the image of an economy collapsing overnight if the factions are not disarmed according to American conditions, a special envoy has a full mandate to conclude a harsh “deal” with Baghdad, a new parliament whose leaders boast that their “inclination is towards the Popular Mobilization Forces” and that they are ready to pass the Popular Mobilization Forces law defying Washington’s pressure, and a deputy sums up the mood with a speech: “We don’t care about America… If they threaten us with death, then welcome death.”
Amid these slogans and threats, the voice of the only party that has no real choice is absent: the Iraqi citizen who will wake up, in the worst-case scenario, to eroding salaries, collapsing purchasing power, a frozen labor market, a country caught between Washington and Tehran, and a parliament negotiating the future of weapons while the currency plummets.
The question that arises here is not only: Will Trump really dare to push Iraq to the brink of economic collapse if Parliament deliberately enshrines the Popular Mobilization Forces by force of law? But also: Do the “Popular Mobilization Forces” within the Parliament realize that their bet on challenging Washington to the end may make the slogan “Welcome to death” approach people’s daily lives, not as a choice of resistance, but as a reality of poverty, deprivation, and a dead end?
At a moment like this, it seems that Iraq is indeed standing on a sharp dividing line between the “dollar war” and the “war of laws,” where a single signature in the White House, or a single vote under the dome of Parliament, may determine the course that the coming years will take: a difficult and painful path of settlement, or an open path of confrontation, the price of which will be paid first and foremost by the Iraqi street.
There is yet another article that I thought was an amazing bold move of a thought process. Its title is 