Researcher Shatha Khalil* When reports show that the assets of the Central Bank of Iraq have risen to 207 trillion Iraqi dinars, it is more than just a financial statistic; It symbolizes an enormous store of wealth under the supervision of the central bank. This massive figure reverberates across Iraq’s economic landscape and defines a pivotal role for the central bank in directing the country’s monetary affairs. Let us delve deeper into the implications of this important event and the complex mechanisms underlying the management of these assets.
In the world of central banking, assets include a variety of financial instruments and holdings, ranging from foreign currency reserves to gold reserves, government securities, loans to commercial banks, and a variety of investments. These assets serve as the bedrock of a central bank’s operations, giving it the ability to navigate the ebbs and flows of the economy deftly.
With assets amounting to 207 trillion Iraqi dinars, the Central Bank of Iraq stands as a formidable custodian of wealth, armed with resources that have the potential to stimulate economic stability, regulate the money supply, tame inflationary pressures, and strengthen the Iraqi currency’s exchange rate. Iraqi dinar. Such financial prowess enables the central bank to exercise its influence wisely, intervene in the economy when necessary, and adhere steadfastly to its mandate of promoting monetary stability and stimulating economic growth within Iraq’s borders.
However, behind this veneer of financial strength lies a maze of complexities that govern central bank asset management. One pivotal aspect involves the issuance of cash, a core function of the Central Bank of Iraq. By selling cash to various government and private agencies, the Central Bank drives the wheels of trade, as the Iraqi government emerges as the first buyer of this currency in circulation.
Amid the specter of financial balance, a dilemma looms surrounding the Iraqi government, which is the dissonance between sources of revenues and expenditures. Iraq, which relies mostly on oil, finds itself in a paradoxical trap where US dollar-denominated revenues conflict with expenditures mostly in Iraqi dinars. This contradiction underscores the pivotal role played by the central bank in bridging this financial gap, an achievement achieved through skillful management of foreign currency reserves.
The strategic deployment of excess foreign exchange reserves emerges as a key pillar of the central bank’s arsenal, with investments directed to a full range of low-risk avenues. Gold, deposits in foreign banks with sterling credit ratings, bonds, securities, and deposits in various financial institutions form a bulwark of the central bank’s investment portfolio, which is carefully coordinated to optimize returns while mitigating risks.
Lurking in the maze of investments are potential risks, none of which are more evident than the specter of debt obligations. There is a large segment of the Central Bank’s assets tied to the obligations of the Ministry of Finance, which is unstable and vulnerable to fluctuations in economic fortunes, especially in light of the fluctuation of oil prices.
Moreover, the stability of central bank assets remains beholden not only to economic fluctuations, but also to volatile geopolitical winds. Political imperatives, exemplified by the potential freeze of reserves by foreign central banks amid diplomatic wrangling, are casting a shadow over the haven of financial stability carefully nurtured by the central bank.
These challenges are further exacerbated by the restrictions imposed by geopolitical imperatives, which force the central bank to deal cautiously in its investment projects. Fears of antagonizing Western counterparts prompt a measured approach, restricting investments in institutions associated with American hegemony, albeit with an eye toward global transformations that may herald a seismic departure from this status quo.
Ultimately, the narrative of the CBI’s assets goes beyond mere financial metrics; It embodies an epic of economic management intertwined with geopolitical imperatives. As Iraq grapples with the omnipresent specter of American hegemony and navigates the treacherous currents of global finance, the central bank stands as a bulwark against economic volatility, its assets serving as a linchpin in the nation’s quest for stability and prosperity.
Al-Wahd Al-Eqtisadiah / North America Office, Rawabet Center for Research and Strategic Studies
10 weakest currencies in the world: The value of a currency depends on supply and demand while some are pegged, meaning the currency is valued at an agreed rate. The foreign exchange rate is an indicator of a country's economic wealth. #10 The Iraqi dinar - inflation and political instability are the given reasons. #9 Ugandan shilling (USH)... #8 Paraguayan Guarani (PYG)...land locked in South America #7 Guinean Franc (GNF)... #6 Uzbekistani Som (UZS) 1 USD = 12,501 UZS #5 Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) #4 Laotian Kip (LAK)...only land locked country in Southeast Asia. #3 Sierra Leonean Leone (SLL). #2 Vietnam Dong (VND) #1 Iranian Rial (IRR)
US Department of State Website Article: "Secretary Antony J. Blinken and Kurdistan Regional Government Prime Minister Masrour Barzani Before Their Meeting"
The Iraqi Kurdistan prime minister has not been in Iraq at all for several days, but in Washington DC, meeting with Secretary Blinken. They are discussing what went down in the first quarter of this year in Iraq.
Staff Concluding Statement Of The 2024 IMF Article IV Mission
March 3, 2024 A Concluding Statement describes the preliminary findings of IMF staff at the end of an official staff visit (or ‘mission’), in most cases to a member country. Missions are undertaken as part of regular (usually annual) consultations under Article IV of the IMF's Articles of Agreement, in the context of a request to use IMF resources (borrow from the IMF), as part of discussions of staff monitored programs, or as part of other staff monitoring of economic developments.
The authorities have consented to the publication of this statement. The views expressed in this statement are those of the IMF staff and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF’s Executive Board. Based on the preliminary findings of this mission, staff will prepare a report that, subject to management approval, will be presented to the IMF Executive Board for discussion and decision.
March 3, 2024: An International Monetary Fund (IMF) mission, led by Mr. Jean-Guillaume Poulain, met with the Iraqi authorities in Amman during February 20–29 to conduct the 2024 Article IV consultation. The following statement was issued at the end of the mission:
Economic growth is projected to continue amid fiscal expansion. Meanwhile, medium-term vulnerabilities to oil price volatility have increased significantly. Reducing oil dependence and ensuring fiscal sustainability while protecting critical social and investment spending will require a significant fiscal adjustment, focused on controlling the public wage bill and increasing non-oil tax revenues.
In parallel, higher economic growth will be needed to absorb the rapidly expanding labor force, boost non-oil exports and broaden the tax base.
The authorities should therefore seek to enable private sector development, including through labor market reforms, modernization of the financial sector and restructuring of state-owned banks, pension and electricity sector reforms, and continued efforts to improve governance and reduce corruption.
Economic Outlook and Risks
Growth in the non-oil sector has rebounded strongly in 2023 while inflation receded. Supported by increases in public expenditure and solid agricultural output, real non-oil GDP is estimated to have grown by 6 percent in 2023 after stalling in 2022. Headline inflation declined from a high of 7.5 percent in January 2023 to 4 percent by year-end, reflecting lower international food and energy prices, and the impact of the February 2023 currency revaluation. The current account is expected to have recorded a surplus of 2.6 percent of GDP and international reserves increased to US$ 112 billion.
These positive developments were supported by the normalization of trade finance and the stabilization of FX market. After some initial disruptions following the introduction of new anti-money laundering and combating financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) controls on cross-border payments in November 2022, the improved compliance with the new system and the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI)’s initiatives to cut processing time led to a recovery in trade finance in the second half of 2023. This ensured private sector access to foreign exchange at the official rate for imports and travel purposes.
In the meantime, the fiscal position worsened. Although the expansionary budget was under-executed due to delayed Parliamentary approval, the fiscal balance still declined from a surplus of 10.8 percent of GDP in 2022 to a deficit of 1.3 percent in 2023, due to lower oil revenues and an increase in expenditures by 8 percentage points of GDP, of which salaries and pensions contributed 5 percentage points as the authorities started hiring in line with the budget law.
Overall growth is projected to rebound in 2024 and risks are tilted downwards amid heightened uncertainty. Non-oil growth momentum will continue in 2024. Larger declines in oil prices or extended OPEC+ cuts could weigh on fiscal and external accounts.
If regional tensions escalate, a disruption of shipping routes or damage to the oil infrastructure could result in oil production losses that could outweigh the potential positive impact of higher oil prices. In case of a deterioration in domestic security conditions, this could lead to a decline in business sentiment and suspension of investment projects.
Over the medium term, non-oil growth is projected to stabilize around 2.5 percent given existing hurdles to private sector development. Furthermore, vulnerability to oil price declines has increased as higher expenditures are projected to push the fiscal break-even oil price above $90 in 2024.
Absent new policy measures, the fiscal deficit is expected to reach 7.6 percent in 2024 and widen further thereafter as oil prices are projected to gradually decline over the medium term. As a consequence, public debt would almost double from 44 percent in 2023 to 86 percent by 2029.
Policy Priorities
An ambitious fiscal adjustment would be required to help stabilize debt in the medium term and rebuild fiscal buffers, while protecting critical capital spending. Most of the fiscal adjustment would have to come from reducing current expenditure, especially controlling the wage bill by limiting mandatory hiring and gradually introducing an attrition rule.
The authorities should also seek to increase non-oil revenues by broadening the personal income tax base and making it more progressive, reviewing the customs tariff structure, and considering new taxes on luxury items. In parallel, efforts to make revenue and customs administration more efficient should continue.
Further savings could be obtained through better targeting social support and increasing cost recovery within the electricity sector. These adjustment measures should provide room for the expansion of the targeted social safety net.
The authorities should also strengthen public financial management and limit fiscal risks. The mission welcomes initial steps towards the establishment of a Treasury Single Account (TSA), which is crucial to improve cash management. Further progress is needed and close cooperation between the CBI and Ministry of Finance will be essential.
The next steps are to define TSA design options and complete the bank account census. In future years, overall ceilings on the issuance of guarantees should be specified in the budget law and be enforced. The mission advise against the use of extrabudgetary funds and highlights potential fiscal risks associated with their use.
As a second best, it would be important to ensure the Iraq Fund for Development has appropriate governance arrangements, including governing board independence while ensuring transparency of the Fund’s activities including by publishing its investment plans in the annual budget documentation and restricting its ability to borrow.
The mission encourages the authorities to build on the CBI welcomed efforts to reduce excess liquidity. The CBI appropriately raised the policy interest rate and reserve requirements, introduced a 14-day CBI bill facility last summer, and scaled back its subsidized lending to the real estate sector.
However, monetary policy pass-through has been muted, hampered by large excess liquidity and lack of market incentives in financial intermediaries, especially at state-owned banks.
The CBI’s ongoing efforts should be supported by consolidating idle government deposits in a TSA, refraining from procyclical fiscal policy, reducing the reliance on monetary finance, and improving public debt management.
In parallel, efforts to develop an interbank market with the help of IMF technical assistance should continue. The mission also welcomes the authorities’ steps to speed up the digitalization of the economy, reduce the reliance on cash and enhance financial inclusion.
Wide-ranging structural reforms are needed to foster private sector development and economic diversification. Iraq needs higher and more sustainable non-oil growth to absorb the rapidly growing labor force, increase non-oil exports and government revenue, and reduce the economy’s vulnerability to oil price shocks. Key reform priorities include:
Adopting a comprehensive employment strategy aimed at phasing-out mandatory hiring in the public sector, leveling the playing field between public and private jobs, addressing mismatches between educational curricula and the skills needed in the private sector, and strengthening labor market institutions. The strategy should also aim at reducing informality and addressing legal, social, and cultural impediments to women’s participation in the workforce.
Accelerating financial sector reform to improve access to credit. The authorities are committed to modernizing the banking sector and supporting banks’ ability to secure correspondent banking relationships and have taken steps towards consolidation of small private banks. Efforts to restructure the two largest state-owned banks should intensify, including by expediting certification of past financial statements and implementation of core banking systems, and enhancing corporate governance in line with best practices.
Implementing a comprehensive pension reform. This is urgently needed to reduce the overall projected fiscal costs of the public pension scheme, better align the benefits and rules across the public and private schemes, ensure adequacy of pensions and intergenerational equity, and increase the ratio of workers participating in the private pension scheme.
Combating corruption and improving governance, particularly by strengthening the institutional and legal frameworks needed to ensure the independence of the Integrity Commission and the Board of Supreme Audit, enhancing the publication of assets and conflicts of interests declarations for top level officials, and adopting an updated anticorruption strategy.
Further, public procurement and business regulations should also be enhanced. The authorities should also continue to strengthen the AML/CFT framework and its effectiveness, including in the banking sector, guided by the priority actions identified in the MENAFATF Mutual Evaluation that will be concluded in May 2024.
Removing other hurdles to private sector development by reforming the electricity sector to improve efficiency, cost recovery, and reliable access; simplifying procedures for business registration; and upgrading critical infrastructure.
The IMF staff team stands ready to support the authorities in their reform efforts and would like to thank them for constructive and productive discussions during this mission.
Article: "Iraq.. Expectations of a decline in the dollar difference and a return to the official rate" Something is going on...
Quote: "The economic expert, Safwan Qusay, expected today, Saturday, a decline in the dollar difference in Iraq and a return to the official rate after a series of financial and economic measures taken by the government of Muhammad Shiaa Al-Sudani." That's a beautiful article. There's immense power behind that article.
IMO the Forex is live. It is trading the Iraqi dinar live. I don't believe I've ever seen it trading live against the dollar. It's being traded in real time.
That's impressive. It started today or maybe yesterday ...That's why I say something is going on...It's trading at $2.70 live. I'm not making this up. You can go look this up yourself. Let's see if these numbers stay the same on Sunday...when they start trading live...Isn't this suspicious? Isn't this a precursor? Isn't this a sign? Isn't this a logical step for a currency that is about to go through a movement of some type?
The Central Bank reiterates its emphasis on facilitating and simplifying banking procedures
2/29/2024
The Central Bank of Iraq reiterated its mandate to facilitate and simplify banking procedures by taking the necessary measures to ensure this by banks, and facilitating “know your customer” procedures in accordance with the laws and instructions issued in this regard.
The Central Bank pointed out that this comes for the requirements of the public interest, and in order to enhance the performance of banks using various approved means for the purpose of attracting the public to conduct financial operations through the banking channels approved by it, and the impact of this on the growth of the Iraqi banking sector.
