FRANK26:"WE NOW HAVE IT IN WRITING SECURITY & STABILITY"

 KTFA

FRANK26:"WE NOW HAVE IT IN WRITING SECURITY & STABILITY"...F26

For the first time, a "written proposal" presented by Washington to Iran has been revealed.

5/15/2025

 

Informed sources revealed that the United States submitted a written proposal to Iran aimed at reaching a nuclear agreement during the fourth round of negotiations held last Sunday.

According to Axios , this is the first time since the talks began that White House envoy Steve Witkoff has presented a written proposal to the Iranians  .

Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araqchi brought the proposal back to Tehran for consultations with Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, President Masoud Pezeshkian, and other senior officials .

The report is consistent with what US President Donald Trump said on Thursday during his visit to Doha, when he declared that the United States is "very close to reaching a nuclear agreement with Iran," noting that Tehran has "somewhat" agreed to the terms  .

On Tuesday, in Saudi Arabia, Trump said he had offered an "olive branch" to the Iranians, suggesting a peace option, but stressed that "this offer will not last forever. It is time for them to choose ."

During the first round of talks weeks ago, Araghchi presented Witkov with a written document containing several Iranian proposals. A source familiar with the meeting said Witkov told the Iranian foreign minister that "it's still too early for that, and that he wants to build a good relationship first ."

During the third round of talks in late April, Araghchi presented Witkov with an updated document containing Iran's ideas for a nuclear agreement. This time, Witkov agreed to receive the document, and a team of American experts studied it and sent Tehran a list of questions and requests for clarification, according to Axios .

Two sources said the Iranians responded and "added questions" as well .

Meanwhile, Witkoff and his team have prepared a US proposal outlining the Trump administration's vision for Iran's "civilian" nuclear program and monitoring and verification requirements, according to the two sources .

Witkoff and other officials offered conflicting answers about whether Iran would be able to enrich uranium, and to what extent .

An adviser to Khamenei told NBC News on Wednesday that Iran is prepared to sign a deal that would allow it to enrich only to the minimum levels needed for civilian use and would require it to give up its stockpile of highly enriched uranium, needed to build a nuclear weapon, with inspectors verifying compliance, in exchange for the lifting of all sanctions .

Witkov briefed the UN Security Council a few days ago on the details of the US proposal, which he described as "impressive and very substantial," but stressed the "need for further progress in the negotiations," according to the minutes of the meeting seen by Axios and confirmed by another informed source .

Sources reported that Witkoff presented the new proposal to Araghchi in Oman on Sunday, and a US State Department official declined to comment .

The US envoy expressed satisfaction with the results of the fourth round of talks, which were held one day before Trump began his tour of the Middle East. A date for the fifth round has not yet been set .

LINK

STATUS OF THE RV , PART. 2 BY MNT GOAT

 STATUS OF THE RV , PART. 2

If you have been following my blog all along you should by now have a very solid knowledge of what is happening in Iraq and all the tremendous progress, they have achieved in just the last two and a half years. 

But this could only occur once they were fully relieved of Chapter VII sanctions. You must understand this to be able to see what the delay from 2013 Dr Shabibi days. I can’t tell you how in hell he got the approvals to move ahead to Jan 2013 reinstatement, but he did. When he was gone from the CBI the policy suddenly changed.

 The U.S. foreign policy towards Iraq also changed. Being relieved from the Chapter VII sanctions was not so much a triggering point for the RV, as many of these stupid intel gurus told you, but rather it allowed for other things to happen to begin down the road for Iraq to regain its “financial sovereignty”.

 These are things they could NOT do while under sanctions. Of course, another obstacle was also having a leader in place to orchestrate this ongoing effort and to work with the Central Bank. So, they now have an amazing prime minister Al-Sudani and we see results.

Perhaps the best word to describe the news for today is “climax”. Having the privilege of holding the Arab Summit in Iraq alone shows prestige and honors from the Arab community. This climax is in part from all the reforms necessary to satisfy their plan laid out in the  White Paper implementing the Pillars of Financial Reform.

 All this investment money pouring into the U.S. and Iraq from the U.S. is nothing but amazing. Remember I always asked the question as to when will the U.S. finally step up and realize the investment potential in Iraq. Well…now it the time under President Trump.

So, now I will add that one huge obstacle is still Iran and this issue must be resolved. Remember that the U.S. has to sign off on the reinstatement of the IQD to finalize the process.

 Will they sign off if Iran is still a threat to the region? But what usually happens when something climaxes? At this point it shows that goals have been accomplished and its time to reap the benefits.

I can see that many of you couldn’t give a sh_t about what is happening in Iraq and just ask – when can I exchange my dinar?

 This is a fool’s notion and thinking. If you truly wanted to know the answer to your own question than follow what is happening in Iraq. You actually do have all the answers right in front of your nose in reading my blog.

https://mntgoatnewsusa.com/latest-mnt-goat-newsletter/

MNT GOAT: "Things are moving quickly now.!!" @DINARREVALUATION #iqd #iraq #iraqidinar

 

Iraq expresses readiness to support Iran-US negotiations

 Iraqi President Abdul Latif Jamal Rashid voiced his country’s readiness to support ongoing negotiations between Iran and the United States.

In an interview with Al-Sharq TV, Rashid stated, “We welcome the ongoing negotiations between Iran and the United States. We support their success and are ready to provide everything necessary to help achieve constructive results.”

Commenting on the upcoming Arab Summit in Baghdad, President Rashid said its timing is critical given the multiple crises facing the region, including in Palestine, Sudan, Lebanon, and Syria. “We will work to address these issues, issue resolutions, and recommendations, and strive to implement them,” he added.

Rashid stressed the importance of unified support for the Palestinian people, emphasizing the need to halt the violence, ensure the delivery of humanitarian and medical aid, and secure the Palestinian right to statehood.

He also welcomed the lifting of sanctions on Syria, stating, “We hope for security and stability for the Syrian people and for a democratic system that represents all communities.”

Addressing the parliamentary elections scheduled for November 2025, Rashid urged the participation of all political forces, stressing the importance of transparency and fairness in the electoral process.

Regarding outstanding disputes between Erbil and Baghdad, Rashid pointed to the absence of a national oil and gas law as a major source of tension. “Passing this law will resolve many of the problems between the federal government, the Kurdistan Region, and other provinces,” he concluded.

STATUS OF THE RV, PART. 1 BY MNT GOAT

 STATUS OF THE RV, PART. 1

I want everyone to know that I have thought about having a “live” conference call however with my very busy schedule this simply is not possible right now. As we get closer to the reinstatement perhaps, I can juggle some time to do short update calls while we exchange or are about to exchange. This way you do not have to wait till the next Newsletter to get answers to your questions at that critical time. However this is up to each and every one of my readers as I cannot do all this without some appreciation for all my efforts of research and calls to Iraq. 

Also, these up-front audio snip-its I include with the Newsletters are VERY, VERY important. You may want to listen carefully to them and then maybe even replay them. They are chock-full of information. Listen carefully!

There is some interesting news today and its mostly about what is currently happening in the middle east. This news is of the Saudi-U.S. Investment Forum in Riyadh, President Trump’s visit to the middle east, the Arab Summit this weekend in Iraq, and the ongoing negotiations with Iran on the nuclear development issues. We need to stop and think about the importance of all of these events to our investment. Yes, each one of them will impact Iraq and many in a major way.

If you study what deals are being made in president Trumps visit to the Arab nation, we can see that there is a lot of money at stake. Thus, SECURITY is going to be huge to protect these investments of the U.S. Will these middle eastern nations finally wake up and help isolate Iran so we can have peace in the middle east and around the world, including in Iraq? 

I know many of these so-called RV intel gurus have messed with your minds about how this RV is going to be implemented. Brainwashing is a hard thing to overcome. I can tell you that these banks stories are idiotic stories once again as well this every day / any day RV jibber jabber. Folks there is absolutely no justification to tell you such stories of any real significance in this time.

https://mntgoatnewsusa.com/latest-mnt-goat-newsletter/

MR POOL: THE WAIT IS OVER!! : IQD: $9.35 & VND: US$5.89!! @DINARREVALUATION #iraqidinarinvestor

 

Stopgap spending: Iraq's budget ambitions clash with fiscal reality

 Shafaq News/ A widening gap between Iraq’s budgetary ambition and its fiscal capacity is forcing the government into stopgap financing measures, exposing how vulnerable the country’s oil-dependent economy remains to even modest shifts in global energy markets.

Despite a record three-year budget approved in 2023, the government has resorted to reallocating tax trust funds to cover public sector wages, in an unusual move that lawmakers see as a “clear signal” of tightening liquidity.

This budget, passed under Law No. 13, is based on a crude oil benchmark of $70 per barrel, but revenues briefly exceeded expectations early in the year, with oil trading around $75. However, prices have since fallen below $62 following the removal of OPEC+ production limits, cutting into the country’s main revenue stream.

With oil accounting for nearly 90% of government income, the fiscal impact has been immediate. Lawmaker Zuhair al-Fatlawi confirmed that the government had drawn from contractor-held tax deposits to meet payroll obligations. “This reflects a shortfall in liquid funds,” he told Shafaq News. “Routine revenue flows are proving inadequate.”

Ministries such as Health and Water Resources are operating without full allocations. Capital projects in Babil, Al-Diwaniyah, and Karbala have either slowed or halted due to inconsistent disbursements. “Some regions are funded, others are left waiting,” al-Fatlawi emphasized.

Revenue Rigidity

Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani’s Financial and Economic Advisor, Mudher Mohammad Saleh, defended the fiscal approach, pointing to mechanisms within the budget law that allow for flexibility. “The budget operates on the principle of fiscal space,” he explained. “It enables borrowing, resource reallocation, and controlled spending adjustments.” The government is authorized to borrow up to 64 trillion Iraqi dinars ($48.89B) if needed.

Iraq’s vulnerability is less about the oil price itself and more about the absence of diversified revenue sources. Non-oil tax collection remains underdeveloped, and budget execution is inconsistent across agencies. “Oil volatility is a risk, but institutional rigidity is the larger issue,” said a Baghdad-based analyst.

Notably, payment delays to contractors are triggering liquidity problems in the private sector, and further disbursement lags could freeze project pipelines and reduce market activity in a heavily state-led economy.

“Liquidity stress is contagious in Iraq’s fiscal ecosystem,” public finance expert Mustafa al-Faraj affirmed. “When escrow funds are repurposed, it undermines financial discipline and signals deeper structural imbalance.”

The IMF has noted that delayed infrastructure investment can cut expected GDP impact by up to 40%, weakening the effectiveness of public spending even when funding is eventually restored.

Tools Available, but Reforms Lag

Iraq’s Central Bank holds more than $100 billion in foreign reserves, offering a strategic buffer. However, economist Safwan Qusay cautioned against using reserves to plug structural gaps. “These reserves are meant for external stability, not internal liquidity.”

Qusay advocated for accelerating domestic reforms: enforcing utility payments, monetizing idle public assets, and revising land-use fees. “The state needs to act more like an investor and less like a passive payer,” he emphasized, estimating that if prices stay below projections, Iraq could face monthly shortfalls exceeding $1.5 billion.

In that scenario, options include tapping domestic bond markets or seeking external financing—a move that could further test fiscal credibility.

Disparities in budget transfers across provinces have also raised concerns about equity and governance. With the next national elections set for November 2025, prolonged underfunding in public services may carry political consequences, particularly in provinces already expressing frustration over project delays and financial uncertainty.

For now, Iraq is not in immediate fiscal crisis, but the warning signs are evident. Reliance on short-term measures to manage a structurally rigid and oil-dependent system has narrowed policy space, and without faster reform and revenue diversification, fiscal pressures could escalate into grave economic and political risks.

MAXIS: They are going to be forced to revalue or go broke

  MAXIS  

 My guy (Haydre) came to me and said he spoke to his friend outside [Green zone] and this is what he was told - they don’t have the cash to fund projects, yes the CBI has the smaller denomination notes but can’t put them into circulation until they recover the majority of the 3 zero notes, they won’t recover the majority of the 3 zero notes until they revalue what they have. 

They are stuck in a bad spot and don’t know how to get out of it.

 They are going to be forced to revalue or go broke.  Everything is waiting on the revaluation of their currency... 

QUESTION: "How do they know the CBI has the lower notes?" 

 They have seen them, the smaller notes, on TV.

WALKINGSTICK: "Aki's bank is for the exchange of the three zero notes" @DINARREVALUATION #iqd

 

Al-Sudani: Iraq Is An Oil And Industrial Country That Has The Potential To Export Products To The Region

  Al-Sudani: Iraq Is An Oil And Industrial Country That Has The Potential To Export Products To The Region

 
Energy and Business   2025-05-14 Shafaq News/ Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al- Sudani described Iraq on Wednesday  as an "industrial country," not just an oil country, and that
 
it can meet the needs of the local market and countries in the region.

This came in a speech delivered via video link during the inauguration of the steel plant at the General Company for Iron and Steel in Basra Governorate, with a capacity of 600,000 tons annually.
 
He also launched the implementation work for the industrial city in Al-Zubair District, and the Basra Chlorine and Caustic Soda Production Plant Project.  Al-Sudani said in his speech,
 
"Iraq, in addition to being an oil-producing country, is an industrial country
that possesses all the ingredients for the emergence of a national industry that meets the needs of the local market.
 
We have qualified to become a country that exports products to the rest of the countries in the region."      https://shafaq.com/ar/اقتصـاد/السوداني-العراق-بلد-نفطي-و-صناعي-تتوفر-فيه-مقومات-تصدير-المنتجات-الى-المنطقة  

MNT GOAT : "SWIFT AND THE US FEDERAL RESERVE PUT IRAQ AT THE DEBT AND IN GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT MERCY OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY"

 MNT GOAT

"SWIFT AND THE US FEDERAL RESERVE PUT IRAQ AT THE DEBT AND IN GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT MERCY OF THE GLOBAL ECONOMY"

 "Iraq, over the past two years, has strongly entered the global economy by activating international bank transfers, subjecting banks to strict oversight, and opening channels with international banks, which has made it vulnerable to any

external economic change, whether in oil prices or financial and monetary policies."

 He pointed out that any breakthrough in the US-Iranian negotiations could open the door for Iraq to overcome some obstacles, especially those related to the sanctions imposed on the Central Bank.

 This could allow Baghdad to withdraw its funds freely, provide better access to dollars, and perhaps even restore the

exchange rate to 120,000 dinars for $100 (1200 dinars per dollar).

I hope everyone can see it too. I will explore this article in much more detail. This all comes at the price of dealing in a "global economy". Yes, moving out of a war-torn sanctioned economy. Don't we all want the IQD to go international?

..........Choo-Choo......

GOLDILOCKS: Iraq and Vietnam are already set up their already "in place" digital platforms!! #iqd

 

Iraq: Concluding Statement Of The 2025 IMF Article IV Mission

 Iraq: Concluding Statement Of The 2025 IMF Article IV Mission

May 15, 2025   A Concluding Statement describes the preliminary findings of IMF staff at the end of an official staff visit (or ‘mission’), in most cases to a member country. Missions are undertaken as part of regular (usually annual) consultations under Article IV of the IMF's Articles of Agreement, in the context of a request to use IMF resources (borrow from the IMF), as part of discussions of staff monitored programs, or as part of other staff monitoring of economic developments.

The authorities have consented to the publication of this statement. The views expressed in this statement are those of the IMF staff and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF’s Executive Board.

 Based on the preliminary findings of this mission, staff will prepare a report that, subject to management approval, will be presented to the IMF Executive Board for discussion and decision.

An International Monetary Fund (IMF) mission, led by Mr. Jean-Guillaume Poulain, met with the Iraqi authorities in Amman and Baghdad during May 4–13 to conduct the 2025 Article IV consultation. The following statement was issued at the end of the mission:

A highly uncertain global environment, falling oil prices, and acute financing pressures, are taking a toll on economic activity and exacerbating Iraq’s existing vulnerabilities, calling for urgent measures to preserve fiscal and external stability. 

These include containing the fiscal deficit by mobilizing non-oil tax revenues and reining in the public wage bill, completing the restructuring of state-owned banks, and promoting private sector growth, by reforming the labor market, improving the business environment, enhancing governance and fighting corruption. 

Building on recent progress, the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) should continue modernizing the banking system and supporting private banks in expanding their corresponding banking relationships.

Recent Economic Developments, Outlook and Risks

The non-oil sector grew at a slower pace last year and inflation remained subdued. Following a very strong growth of 13.8 percent in 2023, Iraq's non-oil GDP is expected to have considerably moderated to 2.5 percent in 2024, driven by a slowdown in public investment and in the services sector, as well as a weaker trade balance. 

The agriculture, manufacturing, and construction sectors remained resilient, benefiting from post-drought recovery, expanded refining capacity, and strong growth in credit to households. 

The decline in oil production weighed on overall growth, which contracted by 2.3 percent for the year. Inflation dropped to 2.7 percent by end-2024, amid lower food price inflation and liquidity absorption from the CBI.

The fiscal position has deteriorated, along with external balances. The 2024 fiscal deficit is estimated at 4.2 percent of GDP, compared to 1.1 percent in 2023, reflecting rising spending on wages and salaries and energy purchases. Financing constraints have led to reemergence of arrears notably in energy and capital expenditure. 

On the external front, the current account surplus narrowed sharply from 7.5 percent to 2 percent of GDP, due to a surge in goods imports. Nonetheless, external buffers remain strong, with reserves at US$100.3 billion at end-2024—covering over 12 months of imports.

Non-oil growth is projected to remain subdued in 2025 amid a challenging global environment and financing constraints. Non-oil GDP is projected to slow down to 1 percent this year as the impact of falling oil prices and financing constraints weigh on government spending and consumer sentiment.

 The current account is expected to weaken considerably in 2025 primarily due to declining oil export revenues. The deterioration in the external position is projected to weigh on foreign reserves.

Policy Priorities

Iraq’s vulnerabilities have increased in recent years due to a large fiscal expansion. Beside weighing on prospects of private sector-led growth, current public employment policies and resulting wage costs are unsustainable given Iraq’s low non-oil tax base. Accordingly, dependence on oil revenues has worsened, and the oil price required to balance the budget increased to around $84 in 2024, up from $54 in 2020.

These challenges have been exacerbated by the sharp decline in oil prices in 2025, requiring an urgent policy response. In the very short-term, the authorities should review current and capital spending plans for 2025 and limit or postpone all non-essential expenditure. 

At the same time, there may be scope to increase non-oil revenues by revising customs duties as well as introducing or raising excise taxes. 

The authorities should also explore options to diversify the creditors base for increasing financing availability. Monetary financing of the deficit should be avoided as it could fuel inflation, drain FX reserves, and weaken the CBI’s balance sheet.

More broadly, a sizable fiscal consolidation is needed to mitigate macro-fiscal risks, ensure debt sustainability, and rebuild fiscal buffers. On the revenue side, besides customs duties and excise taxes, there is scope to gradually reform personal income tax by limiting exemptions and increasing rates. 

Strengthening tax administration—through digitalization, improved enforcement, and better collection—is essential. A more effective tax administration should allow for eventually introducing a general sales tax. 

On the spending side, curbing current expenditures, particularly via comprehensive wage bill reforms, limiting mandatory hiring, and adopting attrition rule, would yield significant savings. Recent efforts to better target the public distribution system are welcome, but there is scope to further improve targeting and eventually shift to cash-based social safety nets. 

Finally, it is urgent to reform the public pension system through raising the retirement age and reducing both the accrual and replacement rates is needed to enhance its sustainability.

Implementing these reforms would also create fiscal space to increase capital spending. Expanding non-oil investment, especially in trade and transportation infrastructure should help economic diversification. 

Substantial investments are also required to modernize the electricity sector and develop natural gas resources, both of which are essential for improving energy security and reducing dependence on gas imports. Improved procurement, public financial management, and corruption control would enhance the effectiveness of any additional public investment.

Further efforts are needed to mop up excess liquidity in order to improve monetary policy transmission. While the CBI has made progress in absorbing excess liquidity, additional adjustments could enhance the effectiveness of the framework. 

Key measures include increasing the issuance of CB-bills, focusing on the short maturity (14-day) at the policy rate, revising size limits on individual banks’ bids, and improving liquidity forecasting tools and practices. To safeguard its balance sheet and preserve credibility, the CBI should continue to avoid financing the government deficit.

The mission commended the CBI for the successful transition to the new trade finance system. Trade finance is now fully processed by commercial banks through their correspondent banking relationships. This has also supported the recent decline in the spread between the official and parallel market exchange rates. 

Nonetheless, further efforts are needed to further reduce the spread, including by imposing Iraqi dinar usage for car and real estate transactions, improving customs controls to curb smuggling, and simplifying FX access.

While initial steps to reform state-owned banks are encouraging, broader efforts are needed to strengthen the financial sector. The restructuring plan for state-owned banks should be finalized without delay, encompassing treatment of non-performing loans, and recapitalization needs. 

In parallel, the mission welcomed progress in digitalization and the authorities’ intention to undertake a comprehensive banking sector overhaul. Reforms should include enhancing corporate governance, digital infrastructure, and cybersecurity, while promoting a stronger role for private banks.

 Efforts to enhance AML/CFT measures by tackling the deficiencies identified in the MENAFATF Mutual Evaluation report should continue.

Chronic power shortages, electricity losses and excessive tariff subsidization continue to weigh on the economy. Addressing inefficiencies in the electricity sector is important for fiscal sustainability and improving productivity. In 2024, distribution losses reached 55 percent, driven by theft and illegal connections, leading to significant financial losses. 

The authorities are deploying smart meters and have introduced other measures to enhance billing and collection. However, progress should be accelerated. Once collection substantially improves, achieving cost recovery will also require electricity tariff increases, with carefully calibrated subsidies targeted to low-income users. 

Recent disruptions in electricity imports from Iran further underscore the need for diversified supply and the development of gas projects.

Combating corruption and governance weaknesses is imperative to support economic development. Steps taken in the implementation and upgrade of the national anticorruption strategy and the improvements in corruption perception indices are positive developments. However, corruption remains a significant hurdle for growth. 

Strengthening accountability frameworks for the operation of state-owned and private enterprises in the oil, electricity and construction sectors is critical, and thorough compliance with Extractives Industries Transparency Initiative standards and the enactment of the law on Transparency and Access to Information should be prioritized. 

Additionally, aligning anticorruption legal frameworks with international covenants and best practice, and strengthening the independence of the judiciary are essential for effective enforcement and for the protection of economic rights.

A comprehensive structural reform agenda is essential to unlock growth potential. The mission estimates that a comprehensive set of reforms covering the labor market, business regulation, the financial sector and governance could double non-oil potential GDP growth over the medium term. 

On labor market, priorities include increasing labor force participation, particularly among women, by improving female education and further reducing barriers to their work and mobility, and reforming public sector hiring, which distort labor markets and reduce productivity.

Efforts to better align skills with labor market needs should intensify. More generally, simplifying regulations and reducing bureaucratic impediments in e.g. business registration or tax administration should increase participation in the formal economy and help private sector development.

The mission would like to thank the Iraqi authorities and various stakeholders for their excellent hospitality and cooperation and candid discussions during the mission.

IMF Communications Department
MEDIA RELATIONS
PRESS OFFICER: Mayada Ghazala

Phone: +1 202 623-7100Email: MEDIA@IMF.org

https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2025/05/15/mcs-iraq-concluding-statement-of-the-2025-imf-article-iv-mission?cid=em-COM-123-50132

DINAR EXCHANGE: What Is an RV (Revaluation)?

DINAR EXCHANGE

1. What Is an RV (Revaluation)? An RV means the official exchange rate is adjusted upward, making the dinar stronger against the dollar. For example, moving from 1,300 IQD = 1 USD to something like 1 IQD = 1 USD. 2. Is an RV Possible? Yes, but with major caveats. Here’s what supports or challenges the idea: Reasons an RV Might Be Considered (Possibility Factors) Central Bank Actions CBI’s structural reforms are underway to digitize banking, reduce dollar dependency, and tighten currency flows. Iraq is switching to correspondent banks for international transactions (a sign of growing monetary discipline). Oil Revenue Iraq has massive oil reserves and is the second-largest OPEC producer. Stable oil prices bring in solid foreign currency reserves, backing the dinar’s potential. US & IMF Engagement High-level talks with the IMF and US Treasury focus on stabilizing Iraq’s economy and reducing the parallel currency market. Iraq has increased dollar reserves (reported over $100B at one point), which gives more flexibility. Challenges to an RV Right Now Dual Exchange Rate Iraq still operates with an official rate and a black-market rate—that gap must close before any RV. Dollar Dependency Most of Iraq's economy still relies on USD, especially for imports and government payroll. Inflation & Political Pressure Sudden RV could create domestic price instability and would require intense political will (risk of backlash).

A2Z: Iraq’s Trade Bank just passed JPMorgan Chase’s global systems test!! #iraqidinar #iqd